ABSTRACT
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic strategy by which photosensitizers are excited by specific light irradiation to produce singlet oxygen for killing the surrounding cells. The advantages of PDT include weak invasion, slight side effect, and low resistance. The advantages of nanoscale drug delivery systems (DDS) include tumor-targeting, sustained release, and environmental-sensitivity. The combination of PDT and nanoscale DDS would likely lead to tumor targeting of photosensitizers and enhance their antitumor effectiveness. This review discusses the mechanism of PDT, photosensitizer-loaded nanoscale formulations, the combination of PDT and other antitumor therapies, and summarizes the applications and prospects of anti-tumor nanoscale DDS based on PDT. This review is a useful reference for its clinical application.
ABSTRACT
Objects To evaluating the effect of swallowing rehabilitation on the quality of life and swallowing function in head and neck cancer patients. Methods:The literatures were retrieved from databases of CNKI, Wanfang Data, VIP, CBM, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Ovid, EBSCO and Web of Science. They were scanned and assessed, and analyzed with RevMan 5.3 in the terms of swallowing function, oral feeding function and quality of life. Results:A total of 24 trials that represented 1514 participants were evaluated. For the swallowing function, by videofluoroscopic swallowing study, RR = 1.67, 95%CI 1.37 to 2.04; by Kubota Water Swallowing Test, RR = 1.82, 95%CI 1.56 to 2.11; by Standardized Swallowing Assessment, MD = -6.43, 95%CI -8.41 to -4.45; by Oropharyngeal Swallowing Efficiency, MD = -0.41, 95%CI -7.41 to 6.59. For oral feeding function, by Functional Oral Intake Scale, MD = 1.58, 95%CI 0.67 to 2.49. For quality of life, by Anderson Dysphagia Inventory, within three months, MD = 0.07, 95%CI -1.30 to 1.44; three to six months, MD = -1.74, 95%CI -3.40 to -0.07; six to nine months, MD = -1.36, 95%CI -3.15 to 0.42; by European Organization for Research on Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionaire, within three months: a research displayed that the score was less in the training group than in the control group (P = 0.03), another research displayed that the score was more in the training group than in the control group (P < 0.05); three to six months, MD = 10, 95%CI 1.83 to 18.17; six to nine months, MD = 2.20, 95%CI -5.57 to 9.98; nine to twelve months, MD = -1.76, 95%CI -10.73 to 7.21. Conclusion:Swallowing rehabilitation can improve the swallowing function and the oral feeding function for the head and neck cancer patients, however, it is needed more evidence to support the improvement on the quality of life.
ABSTRACT
Extracellular acidity has been associated with many pathological states, such as cancer, ischemic stroke, neurotrauma and infection, which makes it an effective target for therapy and diagnosis of such diseases. As a polypeptide vector, pH low insertion peptides (pHLIPs) are endowed with high sensitivity to extracellular acidic environment, which can insert the membrane and deliver payload to pathological cells in a pH dependent manner. Here, theranostic applications of pHLIP in disease, are reviewed in two aspects:pHLIP-mediated single-molecule transporter and nano-sized carrier.